You as a consumer will not ever buy GMO seeds, accidentally or intentionally. Because the genome is a protected product, farms who buy GMO seeds from companies like Bayer (formerly Monsanto) have to enter into a legal agreement with the seed supplier, and they buy massive quantities at a time. Many public seed companies proudly declare their seeds are non-GMO, but that’s true of all seeds you’d be purchasing.
The seedless plants that you as a consumer can buy are bred by creating a sterile hybrid between two non-sterile lineages. It’s essentially a “defect” in the children of the two lineages which prevents their progeny from developing seeds even though they still develop fruit.
Edit to answer the rest of your questions:
Legal to use biological waste: Use freely.
How the patents work: Patented plants are basically just a legal protection for the company that produces the seeds you’re buying. They’ve put a lot of work into generating lineages of pepper plants which can be cross-bred to produce seedless peppers, and their patent ensures that they are the only legal supplier of these plants (these specific plants–someone else could breed separate lineages and patent their plants without any issue). The USDA website and US Patent and Trademark Office website have more information, but I’ll summarize: You could be sued if you bought their patented seeds, grew pepper plants from those seeds, then created a business to propagate and sell those pepper plants. You, at home, growing food for you and your family/friends? No one cares. The patent only exists to prevent another company from taking the plant that the original company painstakingly bred and selling it as their own.
Implications for society: You can’t build a business selling their patented plants without a licensing agreement, I guess. Nothing odious about hybrids, and protecting specially-bred plants is enshrined in the Plant Patent Act of 1930, so it’s been around a long long time.
You as a consumer will not ever buy GMO seeds, accidentally or intentionally. Because the genome is a protected product, farms who buy GMO seeds from companies like Bayer (formerly Monsanto) have to enter into a legal agreement with the seed supplier, and they buy massive quantities at a time. Many public seed companies proudly declare their seeds are non-GMO, but that’s true of all seeds you’d be purchasing.
The seedless plants that you as a consumer can buy are bred by creating a sterile hybrid between two non-sterile lineages. It’s essentially a “defect” in the children of the two lineages which prevents their progeny from developing seeds even though they still develop fruit.
Edit to answer the rest of your questions:
Legal to use biological waste: Use freely.
How the patents work: Patented plants are basically just a legal protection for the company that produces the seeds you’re buying. They’ve put a lot of work into generating lineages of pepper plants which can be cross-bred to produce seedless peppers, and their patent ensures that they are the only legal supplier of these plants (these specific plants–someone else could breed separate lineages and patent their plants without any issue). The USDA website and US Patent and Trademark Office website have more information, but I’ll summarize: You could be sued if you bought their patented seeds, grew pepper plants from those seeds, then created a business to propagate and sell those pepper plants. You, at home, growing food for you and your family/friends? No one cares. The patent only exists to prevent another company from taking the plant that the original company painstakingly bred and selling it as their own.
Implications for society: You can’t build a business selling their patented plants without a licensing agreement, I guess. Nothing odious about hybrids, and protecting specially-bred plants is enshrined in the Plant Patent Act of 1930, so it’s been around a long long time.